PPR (Peste des Petits Ruminants)
Introduction
Peste des petits ruminants(PPR) is also known as ‘ovine rinderpest’,‘Goat plague’. It is an acute, highly contagious viral disease of goat and sheep. It is characterized by the fever, sores in mouth, diarrhoea, pneumonia and sometimes death.
Cause
It is caused by a morbillivirus (ssRNA) in the family of paramyxoviridae, that is related to Rinderpest, Measles and Canine distemper. Incubation period 3-6 days.
Transmission
The virus is secreted in tears, nasal discharge, secretions from coughing, and in the faeces of infected animals. Water, feed, and bedding can also be contaminated with secretions. Since animals excrete the virus before showing signs of the disease, it can spread by movement of infected animals. Virus also present in semen and embryo. Offspring can also affected from the infected mother through milk
Clinical Signs/ Symptoms
Hyper acute cases: Hyper acute cases are found dead without previous symptoms. They die with a serous, foamy or haemorrhagic discharge coming out of the nose.
Acute cases at onset
1. Body temperature is high (40.5 to 41°C)
2. Loss of appetite
3. Depression
4. Ulcers in the gums (lower), dental pad, hard palate, cheeks and tongue
Evolution of acute cases:
• Nasal discharge become mucopurulent and may obstruct the nose
• Dry coughing develop
• pneumonia
• Death occur from 5-10 days after the onset of fever
• Some animals may recover but the dry, stertorous coughing often persist for some days
• Pregnant may abort
Post Mortem Lesion
Carcase will be dehydrated with faecal soiling
Congestion of the ileo-ceacal valve
Engorgement and blackening of the folds in the caecum, colon and rectum(‘zebra striping’)
Enlarged spleen
Oedematous lymph nodes
Bronchopneumonia
Diagnosis
1. Based on the clinical signs.
2. Histo-pathological changes in the lungs.
3. Bronchopneumonia with antero-ventral consolidation.
4. Virus can be isolated from lymphoid tissue at necropsy, including lymph nodes, Peyer’s patches and spleen.
5. Blood examination
6. Serological test:
• AGI
• PCR
• ELISA
• cDNA probe
Treatment
There is no specific treatment, supportive therapy.
Symptomatic treatment for diarrhoea and respiratory problem
Gentamycin can be used
Hyper immune rinderpest serum
OTC- 10ml mg/kg b.wt with levamisole 2.5 mg/kg b.wt for 3 days followed by repetition at 3 days interval recommended for secondary bacterial invaders
Lemon juice effective against scab formation
Prevention and Control
• Disease is prevented in many countries by strict quarantine controls.
• Introduced disease has been eradicated from countries by compulsory slaughter of affected flocks/herds.
• Sanitation and hygienic measures
• Do not introduce of new animal especially from areas where the disease is prevalent
• Affected isolated and treated
Vaccine
• Tissue culture rinderpest vaccine, given at 3-4 months
• PPR culture vaccine (I.V.R.I)- 1ml s/c annually
• Raksha PPR- 1 ml s/c
• Live attenuated RP vaccine protection for one year only
• PPRV attenuated vaccine commercially available
• Genetically engineered recombinant vaccine is under trial (OIE, 2002)
• French attenuated PPR vaccine- immunity for at least 3 years 21
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma accompanied by inflammation of the bronchioles and may bethe pleura. It is manifested by fever, increase in respiratory rate, cough and abnormal sounds on auscultation.
Cause
Causes of pneumonia are often classified into primary and secondary, but differentiation is difficult because the uncertain role of viruses in many bacterial pneumonia.
1. Bacterial causes: Other bacteria that are incriminated to cause pneumonia in sheep is considered as secondary invaders to viral infections and the enteric bacteria invade the lungs tissues when the general health conditions are lowered after digestive tract involvement.
A. Pasteurella haemolytica and. Pasteurella multocida types 2 and 4(A&B)
B. Mycoplasma mycoides.
C. Pseudomonas pseudomallei.
D. Corynebacterium spp.
E. Staphylococci and streptococci.
F. Salmonella and Klebsiella.
2. Viral causes:
A. ACUTE VIRAL RESPIRATORY DISEASES:
1) Virus pneumonia of lambs.
2) IBR.
3) Parainfluenza.
4) Bovine respiratory synceteal virus (BRSV).
B. CHRONIC VIRAL RESPIRATORY DISEASES:
1) Maedi.
2) Jaajsiekte.
3) Poxvirus.
3. Parasitic causes:
Members of the family Metastrongylidae.
A. Dictyocaulus filaria
B. Cystocaulus ocreatus.
C. Protostrongylus rufescens.
D. Neostrongylus dinearis.
E. Muellerius capillaris.
4. Mycotic causes:
• Aspergillus fumigatus.
5. Mechanical causes of pneumonia in case of faulty dosing or drenching medications.
Clinical signs
The problem starts with high rise of temperature (40– 41°C).
Followed by anorexia, inappetance, dullness, depression.
Dyspnea and dry cough.
Nasal and/or ocular discharge changed frommucoid to mucopurulent and purulent.
Abnormal respiratory rales.
Abdominal respiration is evident.
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Remove the real cause.
Prevent or avoid the stress predisposing factors.
Rest the animal and present a plenty of fresh water.
Streptopen is used to treat pneumonia
Broad spectrum antibiotics should be used as: Oxytetracycline: 3-5 mg/Kg. OR Kanamycin: 6-8 mg/Kg. OR Penicillin- streptomycin OR Lincospectin.
Vaccination against contagious and infectious diseases.
Regular Antiparasitic dosing against lung worm.
Careful drenching of sheep to avoid drenching pneumonia.
Diarrhea (Scours)
Diarrhea is defined as an increased frequency, fluidity, or volume of fecal excretion. The feces may contain blood or mucous and be smelly
Cause
Scours are not a disease. Scours are a symptom. There are many causes:
1. Infectious
2. Non-infectious
NON-INFECTIOUS
Management
Poor sanitation
Overcrowding
Stress
Weaning
Weather
Shipping/transportation
INFECTIOUS
Bacterial
E. coli
Salmonella
Clostridial diseases
Johne's disease
Protozoan
Eimeria (coccidia)
Cryptosporidia
Giardia
CLINICAL SIGNS
Diagnosis
TREATMENT
Depends upon underlying cause (and age of animal). It is treated by sulpha-III
Non-infectious
Bismuth Subsalicylate [OTC]
Kaolin-Pectin [OTC]
Probiotics [OTC]
Fluid therapy
Infectious
Antibiotics
Penicillin [OTC]
Spectinomycin® [Rx]
Corid, sulfa drugs [Rx]
PREVENTION
Gradual changes in diet
Roughage (dry) in diet
Good sanitation
Coccidiostats
Coccidiosis
Disease situation when large numbers of the infective form of the protozoa (oocysts) are ingested – overwhelming the animal’s immune system. Most common in growing lambs/kids, age 1 to 6 months. Outbreaks are most common around time of weaning (due to stress), but disease outbreaks can occur at other times. Most common in intensively reared (housed or grazed) lambs and kids. Adults are highly resistant to disease (goats less). There are two kinds of coccidiosis.
Cause
Coccidia are microscopic parasites called protozoa from the genus Eimeria. Several species of Eimeria affect sheep and goats, but not all are pathogenic. Sheep and goats harbor their own species of Eimeria and there is no cross-infection. Coccidia develop in the intestinal tract and produce oocysts (eggs) that pass in the manure.
Transmission
Transmission is oral; ingestion of infective oocysts.
Adult animals pass infective stage of the parasite into their manure.
Then, there is fecal contamination of the environment: hay, grain, bedding, pasture, teats, feeders, waterers, etc.
Clinical disease develops, 14-17 days after infection with pathogenic levels of oocysts
Symptoms
Clinical signs
Subclinical signs
Not observed immediately and long-term infection
Lower feed consumption
Poor growth and weight loss
Poor utilization of nutrients from feed
Soft feces
Diagnosis
Prevention
GOOD ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Hygienic conditions
Good nutrition
Reduce stress factors
ANTICOCCIDIAL THERAPY
Feed
Minerals
Water
Milk replacer
Drench
TREATMENT
Treat all animals sharing space with infected animals
No Drugs are FDA-Approved to Treat Coccidiosis in Sheep and Goats in the U.S.
Drugs used for treatment include:
Amprolium (Corid®) – both treatment and preventative
Sulfonamides (Sulfamethazine, Sulfadimethoxine and Sulfaquinoxaline)
Toltrazuril (Baycox®)– approved outside the U.S.
Diclazuril (Vecoxan®) – approved outside the U.S.
Ponazuril – approved for use in horses but no other animal in the U.S.
Metabolic Disease
Hypomagnesemia/ GRASS TETANY/ Lactation Tetany
There may be a partial dietary deficiency of Mg, but nutritional or metabolic factors reduce the availability of increase body loss of magnesium. Highly fatal metabolic diseases of lactating ruminants, characterized clinically by hyperaesthesia, tetany and convulsions and biochemically by hypomagnesaemia.
Cause
Clinical signs
Nervousness, staggering, convulsions, coma and death
(A) Acute form:
1- Sudden onset of hyperaesthesia and muscle twitching .
2- staggering in gait followed by falls down with tetany and convulsions.
3- During episodes (attack) there are:
a) Opithotonus (back-head).
b) Pricking of ears.
c) Nystagmus (Rotation of eye ball).
d ) Retraction of eye lids.
e) Champing of jaw.
f) Frothing at from mouth.
4- Between episodes animal lie quiet but any noise or touch starting other attack .
5- Pulse and respiration accelerated.
6- Temperature moderatly elevated (due to muscular spasm).
7- Death from respiratory failure.
(B) Subacute form : Same signs of acute but onset gradual and course longer.
(C) Chronic form : Animal have low serum magnesium but shows no symptoms.
Diagnosis
History
Clinical signs
Laboratory diagnosis:
(a) Serum magnesium level commonly between 1-2mg % (normal 2.5-3 mg%).
(b) Low urine magnesium level.
(c) Low CSF magnesium level.
(d) Bone biopsy from ribs commonly revealed disturbed Ca: Mag. ratio.
Diagnostic therapy (Therapeutic diagnosis): Diseased animals respond well to calcium-magnesium therapy.
Treatment
Prevention
1- Magnesium supplementation of diet with crude magnesium 60 gm/head which can be mixed with molasses:
2- Magnesium Bullets placed in reticulum for slow liberation of constant traces of magnesium daily for long period as long as several months or even years.
Hypoglycemia / Pregnancy Toxemia
It is highly fatal disease occurring in late pregnancy characterized by Hypoglycaemia, ketoneaemia and low liver glycogen content. Negative energy balance and multiple fetuses predispose the disease.
Cause
Clinical Signs
Weakness, dull attitude, and poor appetite.
Separation from the flock or herd. Inability to rise.
Apparent blindness, staring off into space.
Constipation is usual, the faeces are dry and scanty.
There is grinding of the teeth.
In later stages, marked drowsiness develops and episodes of more severe nervous signs occur. In these episodes, tremors of the muscles of the head cause twitching of the lips, champing of the jaws and salivation.
The muscle tremor usually spreads to involve the whole body and the ewe falls with tonic-clonic convulsions.
Abnormal postures.
Recumbent in 3-4 days and remain in a state of profound depression or coma for a further 3-4 days.
The respirations are rapid, there may be an expiratory grunt
Foetal death occurs commonly and is followed by transient recovery of the ewe, but the toxaemia caused by the decomposing foetus soon causes a relapse.
Rumen contractions are weak or absent .
Diagnosis
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Treatment
1. Oral propylene glycol Alternatives: Karo™ syrup, molasses
2. SQ glucose
3. IV glucose
Other Tx’s
1. Calcium
2. Lactated ringers
3. Sodium bicarbonate
Electrolytes and glucose (5% dextrose) given over a prolonged period of time
Corticosteroids isoflupredone/ ISOFLUD
Trenbolone acetate 30mg i/m daily.
Triamcinolone
propylene glycol or glycerine (110 g/day) given orally is used to support parentral glucose therapy.
Caesarean section
Cal-D-mag
PREVENTION
Hypocalcemia / Milk Fever
A disease of cattle, sheep, and goats occurring around the time of parturition and caused by hypocalcemia and characterized by weakness, recumbency, and ultimately shock and death “Fever” is a misnomer, as body temperature during the disease is usually below normal
Cause
Low level of blood calcium
Insufficient intake or absorption of calcium to meet fetal or lactation demands.
Occurs anywhere from six weeks prior to parturition to 10 weeks after parturition.
CLINICAL SIGNS
Fever
Sudden onset of symptoms
Uncoordinated
Nervous
Hyperactivity
Sluggish
Cold ears
Rear legs splayed out
Recumbency
Comatose
Death
Diagnosis
I) History.
II) Clinical signs.
III) Diagnostic therapy: Estimation of serum calcium level usually below 6 mg %, sometimes, as low as, 3 mg % (normal around 10 mg %).
IV) Diagnostic therapy: (therapeutic diagnosis)
Milk fever is a dramatic disease, due to treatment with calcium borogluconate usually followed by a dramatic recovery within few minutes.
TREATMENT
Other Tx’s
B-complex vitamins
Glucose
Dextrose
Magnesium
PREVENTION
References
Goodman & Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics: Hardman, Joel G
Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics: R.S. Satosker, Paperback
Veterinary Pharmacology: Gupta & Misra
Internet sources: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/ ; https://www.slideshare.net/;
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